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• Spaying or Neutering

  Spaying should always be considered if you are keeping your bitch merely as a pet. It has many advantages and few disadvantages.

• Spinal (Disc) Surgery: Post-Surgical Considerations

  There are four factors that influence a dog's recovery from spinal surgery.

• Stomach Tumours

  Tumours of the epithelial, glandular stomach lining include non-cancerous polyps and some types of chronic (hyperplastic) gastritis. Malignant epithelial tumours (gastric adenocarcinomas) cause progressive illness.

• Surgical Discharge Instructions

  Your dog has undergone a major operation. Smooth recovery will depend upon continued nursing at home.

• Sweat Gland Tumours

  This tumour is a disordered and purposeless overgrowth of sweat gland cells. Most sweat gland tumours are benign and can be permanently cured by total surgical removal.

• Testicular Tumours

  The testicle (testis) contains several different cell types. These include the germ cells, which make sperm, the supporting and nourishing Sertoli cells, and the hormone-producing interstitial (or Leydig) cells.

• Thyroid Tumours

  Thyroid tumours include cystic structures called goitres, multi-nodular overgrowth (hyperplasia), benign (non-spreading) cancers (adenomas) and malignant (spreading) cancers (carcinomas).

• Tonsillitis

  Since dogs have tonsils, they also have tonsillitis. It is quite common particularly in small breeds of dogs.

• Tracheal Collapse

  The trachea (windpipe) is a flexible tube leading from the mouth to the lungs. It is supported by a collection of cartilage rings which keep the tubes open, allowing air to enter the lungs on inspiration.

• Transmissible Venereal Tumour

  This is a common tumour, only found in dogs. It has a patchy world-wide distribution including parts of the Caribbean, USA, Southern Europe, Asia and Africa.